尾注
1. Ann Gibbons, ‘Food for Thought: Did the First Cooked Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Brain?’, 316:5831 (2007), 1558-1560.
2. Robin Dunber, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).
3. Michael L. Wilson and Richard W. Wrangham, ‘Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees’, , ed. Sue Boinsky and Paul A. Garber (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 26.
4. Dunbar, 14:1 (2003), 65.
5. Yvette Taborin, ‘Shells of the French Aurignacian and Perigordian’, in , ed. Heidi Knecht, Anne Pike-Tay and Randall White (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993), 211-28.
6. G.R. Summerhayes, ‘Application of PIXE-PIGME to Archaeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea’, in , ed. Steven M. Shackley (New York: Plenum Press, 1998), 129-58.
7. Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá, (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002).
8. Noel G. Butlin, (Wentworth Falls, N.S.W.: Social Science Press, 1988), 52.
9. Fekri A. Hassan, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 143.
10. Brian Hare, (Dutton: Penguin Group, 2013).
11. Christopher B. Ruff, Erik Trinkaus and Trenton W. Holliday, ‘Body Mass and Encephalization in Pleistocene Homo’ ed. Dennis E. Slice (New York: Plenum Publishers, 2005), 231-45.
12. Nicholas G. Blurton Jones et al., ‘Antiquity of Postreproductive Life: Are There Modern Impact on Hunter-Gatherer Postreproductive Life Spans?’, 14 (2002), 184-205.
13. Kim Hill and A. Magdalena Hurtado, (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1996), 164, 236.
14. Hill and Hurtado, , 78.
15. Vincenzo Formicola and Alexandra P. Buzhilova, ‘Double Child Burial from Sunghir (Russia): Pathology and Inferences for Upper Paleolithic Funerary Practices’, 124:3 (2004), 189-98; Giacomo Giacobini, ‘Richness and Diversity of Burial Rituals in the Upper Paleolithic’, Diogenes 54:2 (2007), 19-39.
16. I. J. N. Thorpe, ‘Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare’, , ed. John Carman and Anthony Harding (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 57-73.
17. James F. O’Connel and Jim Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea) and the Archeology of Early Modern Humans’, in
18. Timothy F. Flannery, 292:5523 (2001), 1888–92.
19. Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, ‘A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation’, 105:34 (2008), 12150-53.
20. John Alroy, ‘A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction’, , 292:5523 (2001), 1893-96; O’Connel and Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul’, 400-1.
21. L.H. Keeley, ‘Proto-Agricultural Practices Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross- Cultural Survey’, in 16 (1969), 224- 28.
22. David J. Meltzer, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).
23. Paul L. Koch and Anthony D. Barnosky, ‘Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate’, 37 (2006), 215-50; Anthony D. Barnosky et al., ‘Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents’, 70-5.
24. 本地图主要参考： Peter Bellwood, (Malden: Blackwell Pub., 2005).
25. Azar Gat, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 130-131; Robert S. Walker and Drew H. Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence,’ Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (2013), 29-34.
26. Katherine A. Spielmann, ‘A Review: Dietary Restriction on Hunter-Gatherer Women and the Implications for Fertility and Infant Mortality’, 9:2 (2000), 51-72.
27. Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins and Hector Perez-Brignoli (eds.), , 1580-1837 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 295-96, 303.
28. Manfred Heun et al., ‘Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprints’, 278:5341 (1997), 1312-14.
29. Charles Patterson, (London: Duckworth, 1969), 259.
30. Avi Pinkas (ed.), (Rishon Le-Ziyyon: The Association for Farmyard Animals, 2009 ［Hebrew］), 169-199; “Milk Production – the Cow” ［Hebrew］, The Dairy Council, accessed March 22, 2012, http://www.milk.org.il/cgiwebaxy/sal/sal.pl?lang=he&ID=645657_milk&act=show&dbid=katavot&dat aid=cow.htm
31. Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, 24-26 May 1960, ed. A.E. Mourant and F.E. Zeuner (London: The Royal Anthropological Institute, 1963), 129-34.
32. Johannes Nicolaisen, (Copenhagen: National Museum, 1963), 63.
33. Angus Maddison, , vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006), 636; “Historical Estimates of World Population”, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
34. Robert B. Mark, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002), 24.
35. Raymond Westbrook, ‘Old Babylonian Period’, in (London: T & T Clark International, 2000).
36. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 76.
37. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 121.
38. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 122-23.
39. Roth, Law Collections, 133-34.
40. Constance Brittaine Bouchard, (Westport: Praeger, 2006), 144.
41. Andrew Robinson, (Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993), 36.
42. Marcia and Robert Ascher, (New York: Dover Publications, 1981).
43. Gary Urton. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
44. Stephen D. Houston (ed.), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 222.
45. Sheldon Pollock, ‘Axialism and Empire’, ed. Johann P. Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and Bj.rn Wittrock (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 397-451.
46. Harold M. Tanner, (Indianapolis: Hackett, Pub. Co., 2009), 34.
47. Ramesh Chandra, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
48. Houston, , 196.
49. The Secretary-General, delivered to the General Assembly, U.N. Doc. A/16/122/Add.1 (July 6, 2006), 89.
50. Sue Blundell, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 113-29, 132-33.
51. Francisco López de Gómara, vol. 1, ed. D. Joaquin Ramirez Caba.es (Mexico City: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1943), 106.
52. Andrew M. Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, (Madrid: Vision Libros, 2003), 194.
53. Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, 17-18.
54. David Graeber, (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Melville House, 2011).
55. Glyn Davies, (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1994), 15.
56. Szymon Laks, . Chester A. Kisiel (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1989), 88-89. 奥斯维辛集中营的“市场”仅限于部分阶级的囚犯，而且在不同时期的差异非常大。
57. Niall Ferguson, (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 4.
58. 关于麦元的信息，我参考了一本未出版的博士论文：Refael Benvenisti,
59. Nahum Megged, (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999 ［Hebrew］), 103.
60. Tacitus, ch. 30 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), pp. 220-21.
61. A. Fienup-Riordan, (Anchorage: Alaska Pacific University Press, 1983), p. 10.
62. Yuri Pines, ‘Nation States, Globalization and a United Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth centuries BC)’, 15 (1995), 54 ［Hebrew］.
63. Alexander Yakobson, ‘Us and Them: Empire, Memory and Identity in Claudius Speech on Bringing Gauls into the Roman Senate’, in ed. Doron Mendels (Oxford: Peter Land, 2007), 23-24.
64. W.H.C. Frend, (Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 2008), 536-37.
65. Robert Jean Knecht, 1483-1610 (London: Fontana Press, 1996), 424.
66. Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle, (Halle: Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1942), 152-57.
67. Susan Blackmore, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
68. David Christian, , vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 636; ‘Historical Estimates of World Population’, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed December 10, 2010,http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
69. Maddison, , vol. 1, 261.
70. "Gross Domestic Product 2009", The World Bank, Data and Statistics, accessed December 10, 2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf
71. Christian, , 141.
72. 当代最大的货轮能够承载大约10万吨的货物。在1470年，全球舰队船队加起来，承载量也不超过32万吨。到了1570年，总承载量已达到73万吨。(Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 97).
73. 全球规模最大的银行，苏格兰皇家银行（Royal Bank of Scotland），于2007年申报的存款为1.3兆美元，是1500年全球总产值的五倍。参见 ‘Annual Report and Accounts 2008’, The Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed December 10, 2010.http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf
74. Ferguson, 185-98.
75. Maddison, , 450, 452; ‘World Health Statistic Report 2009’, 35-45, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010 http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.
76. Wrigley, , 296.
77. ‘England, Interim Life Tables, 1980-82 to 2007-09’, Office for National Statistics, accessed March 22, 2012http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-61850
78. Michael Prestwich, (Berkley: University of California Press, 1988), 125-26.
79. Jennie B. Dorman et al., ‘The age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathway to Control the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans’, 38:9 (2003), 947-54.
80. Shawn M. Douglas, Ido Bachelet, and George M. Church, ‘A Logic-Gated Nanorobot for Targeted Transport of Molecular Payloads’, 319:5863 (2008): 627-30.
81. Stephen R. Bown, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
82. James Cook, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 588.
83. Mark, , 81.
84. Christian, , 436.
85. John Darwin, (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 239.
86. Soli Shahvar, ‘Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia’, in the Online Edition of Encyclopaedia Iranica, last modified April 7, 2008,, ed. George Lenczowski (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 156.
87. Mark, 46.
88. Kirkpatrik Sale, (London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2006), 7-13.
89. Edward M. Spiers, , vol. 3, ed. Andrew Porter (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 442.
90. Vinita Damodaran, ‘Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur’, 10:1-2 (2007), 151.
91. Maddison,
92. 这里举的面包店例子在计算上经过简化，并非完全精确。因为银行金库中每存有1元就能贷出10元，如果银行现在有100万美元的存款，其实只能贷出约909000美元，而必须将91000美元留在金库里。但为了方便读者理解，我还是决定将数字简化。此外，银行也并不总是遵守这些法规。
93. Carl Trocki, (New York: Routledge, 1999), 91.
94. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, (London: Zed Books, 2002), 22.
95. Mark, 109.
96. Nathan S. Lewis and Daniel G. Nocera, ‘Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization’, 103:43 (2006), 15731.
97. Kazuhisa Miyamoto (ed.), ‘Renewable Biological Systems for Alternative Sustainable Energy Production’, 365:1853 (2007), 1007.
98. ‘International Energy Outlook 2010’, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 9, accessed December 10, 2010,http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.
99. S. Venetsky, ‘"Silver" from Clay’, Metallurgist 13:7 (1969), 451; Aftalion, Fred, (Glasgow: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993), 15.
100. Jan Willem Erisman et al, ‘How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World’ in 1 (2008), 637.
101. G. J. Benson and B. E. Rollin (eds.),
102. Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmermann, ‘Affectional Responses in the Infant Monkey’, (March 2013), In Press-available online at:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347213000547)
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104. Vaclav Smil, 12:439 (2012),http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/439
105. William T. Jackman, (Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press, 1986).
106. 关于过去这几十年前所未有的和平状态，特别可参见：Steven Pinker,
107. ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
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109. Raymond C. Kelly,
110. Manuel Eisner, ‘Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence’, 30 (2003), 83-142; ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010,http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December, 2010,http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.
111. Walker and Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence,’ 30.
112. 若想从心理和生化两种层面来讨论快乐，以下著作是很好的出发点：Jonathan Haidt, (New York: Penguin, 2005).
113. Daniel Kahneman, (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); Inglehart et al., "Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness," 278-281.
114. D. M. McMahon, (London: Allen Lane, 2006).
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118. James G. Wallis et al., ‘Expression of a Synthetic Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte Release at Freezing Temperatures’, 35:3 (1997), 323-30.
119. Robert J. Wall et al., ‘Genetically Enhanced Cows Resist Intramammary Staphylococcus Aureus Infection’, 23:4 (2005), 44551.
120. Liangxue Lai et al., ‘Generation of Cloned Transgenic Pigs Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids’,
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122. Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, ‘Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality’, 81:6 (2009), 1189-1195.
123. Terri Pous, ‘Siberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists Closer to Cloning Woolly Mammoth’, 34 (2012), 661-669.
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125. Robert H. Waterston et al., ‘Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome’, 420:6915 (2002), 520.
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131. Miguel Nicolelis, (New York: Times Books, 2011).
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